Building on the theoretical background obtained in the analytical chemistry course the primary objective of the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Practice is to gain hands-on experience in the various analytical techniques, i.e., volumetric analysis and instrumental methods of analysis. During laboratory practices the students will learn the workflow of quantitative and qualitative analysis gaining insight in the main parts and practical operation of analytical instruments.
Volumetric analysis:
- Organization of the working groups
- General introduction to the goals of the course and to the analytical tasks to be performed during the semester; laboratory safety handling of chemicals waste; general introduction to the tools of trade.
-Precipitation titration: determination of Cl-ion by Mohr’s method.
- Precipitation titration: determination of Br-ion by Volhard’s method.
Complexometric titration:
-determination of Ca2+and Mg2+ions by EDTA titration;
-determination of Pb2+ions.
Acid-base titration:
- preparation and standardization of the titrant (HCl solution)
- analysis of Na2CO3and NaHCO3using Warder’s method; preparation and standardization of NaOH titrant.
Acid-base titration:
-determination of weak acid CH3COOH.
Redox titrations:
- Oxidation with potassium permanganate. Preparation and standardization of KMnO4titrant. Determination of the concentration of NO2-ions by titration with KMnO4.
- Iodometry: preparation and standardization of Na2S2O3titrant. Determination of the concentration of Cu2+ions.
Bromatometry: Quantitative determination of phenol by Koppeschaar’s method.
Make up opportunity for missed or failed volumetric analysis tasks
Oral exam
Instrumental analysis:
Electroanalysis:
- pH measurements with combined glass electrode;
- quantitative determination of F-ions in toothpaste by fluoride ion-selective electrode;
- quantitative determination of Fe(II) by cerimetric titration using potentiometric endpoint detection,
- quantitative determination of Cl-ion concentration in tap water by precipitation titration using conductometric endpoint detection.
Gas chromatography:
-demonstration of capillary columns,
- qualitative analysis of unknown organic mixture using Kovats retention index
- quantitative analysis of an unknown organic mixture
- demonstration of the GC-MS method and instrument.
High performance liquid chromatography:
- quantitative analysis of caffeine content of soft drinks using RP-HPLC method.
- determination of the parameters characterizing the efficiency of separation
Immunoassay:
- quantification of alfa-fetoprotein (AFP) in blood serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Fluorimetry:
- determination of quinine from a soft drink.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy, optical emission spectroscopy:
- Quantitative analysis of Mn, Fe from limestone samples by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (flame-AAS)
- Quantitative analysis of Na by flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES).
UV-Vis spectrophotometry:
- Spectrophotometric determination of NO2-content in tap water using the sodium salicylate method.
Make up opportunity for missed or failed instrumental analysis tasks
Oral exam

Subject data sheet Applied Electrochemistry Name of the subject in Hungarian: Alkalmazott elektrokémia
Course ID
Assessment
Credits
BMEVESAM505
2+0+0/v
3
Responsible person and department: Dr. Höfler Lajos, SzAKT
Lecturer:
Dr. Höfler Lajos
assistant professor
SzAKT
Subject is based on: Basics of analytical chemistry and physical chemistry; university level matematics, physics and chemistry
Requisities: Analytical Chemistry I, Physical Chemistry I
Aim of the subject: This course focuses on two major fields of electrochemistry: sensors and energy storage devices. Students can learn about theory, development and the analytical methods of some widely used electrochemical sensors, and batteries. The discussed topics cover the thermodynamics and kinetics of these devices. Various simulation methods to describe the response mechanism are included.
Detailed program of the subject: • History of electrochemistry:o Early Yearso Developments in the XX. centuryo The role of electrochemistry in the 21st century• Operation principles of batteries:o Galvane cello Battery voltageo Charge capacityo Specific energy, energy density, specific performance, Ragone ploto Charge efficiency, energy efficiency, self-discharge• Most important battery types:o Lead batteryo Nickel batteries: nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride batteryo Sodium batteries (ZEBRA)o Metal-air batteryo Lithium batteries• Electrochemical sensors.o Blood sugar sensoro Measurement of electrolyteso Lab-on-a-chip sensors• Electrochemical Methods.o Cyclical voltammetryo Impulse voltammetryo Amperometryo Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy• The theory of electrochemistry:o Potentials and thermodynamics of electrochemical cells (Nernst equation)o Kinetics of electrode reactions (Butler - Volmer model)o Mass transport, diffusion and migrationo Microscopic and macroscopic theory of material transport (Fick, Nernst - Planck Equations)• Basics of computer simulation of electrochemical devices:o Finite difference methodo Finite element methodo Molecular dynamicso Empirical modelso One-particle modelo Porous electrode modelo Heat and deformation models• Promising technologies:o Electrochemical DNA sequencingo Supercapacitors and flywheelso Lithium-air, lithium-sulfur batterieso Redox flow batteries
Method of education: lecture
Requirements of accomplishment of the subject: a. Participation in at least 75% of lectures.
b. Passing the examination.
Additional possibilities of accomplishment: According to TVSz.
Consultations: Consultation time slots are available on demand.
Course-book and literature: Linden D, Reddy TB; Handbook of Batteries (Third Edition)
Bard AJ, Faulkner LR; Electrochemical Methods (Second Edition)
Average study time needed: 28 h lecture, 35 h preparation for examination, 27 h preparation for lectures
Program of the subject has been developed by:
Dr. Höfler Lajos
assistant professor
SzAKT

The subject (biochemistry) does not aim at giving comprehensive biochemistry knowledge. Instead it would like to give a short overview of the biochemical pathways and their connections. The first part gives basic knowledge from the field of basic cell biology. The second part focuses to the basic principles of enzymology and bioenergetics. This part gives background to the metabolic processes discussed in the third block. The energy producing processes such as the oxidative phosphorylation and the photosynthesis is embedded into this metabolic part. This metabolic part is followed by the forth, last part which discuss the basics of molecular biology.
Basic chemical and biological principles
Cells are the structural and functional units of all living organisms Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes,Basic cell chemistry,. Cells Are Made From a Few Types of Atoms, Chemical bonds, Water, the most abundant part of cells, Four types of non-covalent interactions, A cell is formed from carbon compounds.
Enzymes The catalysed reactions, Most enzymes are proteins, Enzymes are classified by the reactions they catalyse, How enzymes work, Enzymes Affect Reaction Rates, Not Equilibria, Specificity of Enzymes,Enzyme Kinetics, Enzymes are subject to reversible or irreversible inhibition,Reversible inhibition,Irreversible Inhibition, The regulation of enzyme activity.
Bioenergetics Cells obtain energy by the oxidation of organic molecules, Oxidation and Reduction Involve Electron Transfers,The free-energy change for a reaction determines whether it can occur, Activated carrier molecules: energy currencies, ATP is the most widely used activated carrier molecule, FADH2, NADH and NADPH are important electron carriers, Other activated carriers
Carbohydrate metabolism – glycolysis gluconeogenesis Glycolysis, The reactions of glycolysis, Fates of pyruvate and NADH, Energy yield of aerobic versus anaerobic glycolysis, Other functions of glycolysis, Regulation of glycolysis,Gluconeogenesis.
Carbohydrate metabolism – pentose-phosphate pathway Oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, The non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway
Pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex – TCA cycle Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex, Structure of PDC, Regulation of PDC, The TCA cycle, Reactions of the TCA cycle, Energetics of the TCA cycle, Regulation of the TCA cycle, TCA cycle in biosynthetic pathways and anaplerotic reactions, The glyoxylate cycle
Terminal oxidation – oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis in the mitochondria Overview of terminal oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation, Electron transfer fromNADH to O2,The electrochemical potential gradient, ATP Synthase, Energy yield from the electron transport chain, Respiratory chain inhibition and sequential transfer, Coupling of electron transport and ATP synthesis,Regulation through Coupling, Uncoupling ATP synthesis from electron transport
Photosynthesis – Calvin cycle, General features of photophosphorylation Light absorption, Chlorophylls Absorb Light Energy for Photosynthesis,Light-Driven Electron Flow, The cytochrome b6f complex links photosystems II and I, Cyclic electron flow between PSI and the cytochrome b6f complex increases the production of ATP relative to NADPH,. Water is split by the oxygen-evolving complex, ATP synthesis by photophosphorylation, The ATP synthase of chloroplasts is like that of mitochondria, Carbohydrate biosynthesis in plants, Carbon Dioxide assimilation occurs in three stages, Photorespiration and the C4 and CAM pathways
Lipid metabolism – Fatty acid oxidation Lipid transport, Mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids, Oxidation of a fatty acid with an odd number of carbon atoms, Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids,Generation of ketone bodies,Biosynthesis of fatty acids,Cholesterol
Protein, amino acid metabolism Nutritionally nonessential amino acids have short biosynthetic pathways, Catabolism of proteins and of amino acid nitrogen, Transamination, Oxidative deamination of glutamate, Ammonia transport, Reactions of the urea cycle, Catabolism of the carbon skeletons of amino acids
Nucleotides Metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides,Purines and pyrimidines are dietarily nonessential, Biosynthesis of purine nucleotides, Biosynthesisof pyrimidinenucleotides
DNA replication Replication is semiconservative
13. Transcription
Translation The Genetic Code, Cracking of the Genetic Code, Wobble Hypothesis, Translational Frameshifting and RNA Editing, The process of protein synthesis,The ribosome, Transfer RNAs,Stages of the translation process

The main goal of the course is to transfer the basic biotechnological knowledge and approach related to the pharmaceutical industry, which will greatly facilitate the students’ future collaboration with the biotechnologists if they will later be employed in the pharmaceutical industry. The course aims to cover the basic biochemical reactions in living cells, organization and structure of living organisms, presentation of microbiological methods. Building on the basic knowledge acquired, further aim is to present the fields and methods of industrial biotechnology, from the cultivation of productive cells to the extraction of the product. Connecting to the cell-free, exclusively enzyme-based industrial technologies, enzymes and their reactions, as well as certain elements of enzyme kinetics, will also be described. Finally, specific technologies from various areas of broad-based biotechnology will be presented. The semester ends with the presentation of the environmental and human health risks caused by drug residues as orgaanic micropollutants, and shows possible solutions to mitigate them.
Basics of biochemical reactions
Organization into macromolecules
Catabolism
Anabolism (DNA replication, protein synthesis)
Basics of cell biology
Cell components (Membranes, Cytoplasm, Cell wall)
Cell organelles (Nucleus, ER, Golgi, Mitochondrion)
Microbiology
Classification of organisms (Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes)
Microbiological methods (isolation, mutation, cloning)
Biotechnology
Definition
Varieties
History
Biotechnology Operations
Bioreactors
Reproduction (kinetics, breeding methods)
Aeration, mixing
Sterilization
Processing (Cell dissection, Chromatography, Membrane operations)
Enzyme reactions
Reaction kinetics (Michaelis-Menten, Briggs-Haldane)
Enzyme nomenclature
Inhibition – Activation
Factors affecting activity (pH, temperature, etc.)
Heterogeneous phase enzyme reactions
Methods of immobilization
Biotechnological applications
Antibiotics
Steroids
Vaccines
Monoclonal antibodies
Organic acids and their products (Lactic acid, Succinic acid, etc.)
Glycerin and its products
Insect control
Pharmaceutical residues as organic micropollutants
Environmental and human health risks, prediction methods
Solutions to mitigate risks

The subject is aiming to teach the students the elementary theoretical and practical knowledge of the control, so that, the engineers of the future will be able to work in a team that designs plants, technologies, devices and these items are to be controlled. Such a work needs also control knowledge for the chemical and biochemical engineers.
Why to control? History of the control. The role of a chemical and/or biochemical engineers in a team that designs control for a plant or unit operation.Feed back and feed forward control. Their comparison.The „languages” of the control science, theory, differential equation – time domain; trandfer function, Laplace transformation, Laplace domain; frequency function, frequency domain, Nyquist diagram, Bode diagram.
Single input single output (SISO) systems.Typical mathematical models in the process control study.Typical test signals. Their correlation, Transfer function, frequency function.Proportional unit, dead time element, first order unit. Their differential equation, transfer functions, responses to typical test signals. Frequency functions.Examples for first order elements. Thermometer, heat exchanger, buffer vessel, chemical reactor (CSTR)
Determination of the parameters of a first order unit, time constant and process gain. Methods for the determination of the time constant.
Second order elements. Examples, differential equation, transfer function, responses to typical test signals. Demonstration of the effect of elements in series. Damping coefficient, classification of second order units.Higher order elements, their representation.Integral unit, derivative unit.Controllers, Switch on-off controller, P,I, D controllers. Characterization f the P, I and D controllers, their models, features,  functions, area of application.Controller tuning methods.Basic controls, flow control, level control, transmitters, case studies,
Actuators, control valves, characteristics.Control of unit operations.Control of evaporators, pairing of manipulated and controlled variables.
Control of rectification columns. Control structure, pairing at different kinds of rectification, sensor location, manipulated variables.

The purpose of the course is to describe the modern methods of the professional field and the possible methods of process design.
The important parts of the course are the determination the decision steps between batch and continuous processes and the application of scheduling algorithms in this area. The course material includes the presentation of the application areas of basic unit operation items on industrial case studies.
An important part of the course is the description of the special methods of controlling chemical processes, which also includes the control of multivariable processes. In this part, the different control structures play an important part, e.g. adaptive control, fuzzy logic, neural networks.

The aim of the course is to introduce the fundamentals of chemical technology and its role in the chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, electronic and energy industries. Demonstrate the role of chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries in the world. Identify key concepts of catalysis used in technology. Introduce the fundamentals of chemical engineering. Review the production and storage of energy.  Describe the most important raw materials. Discuss the chemical processes related to water and including corrosion. Identify the most important inorganic products and their production technologies.  Overview synthetic fuels, C1-chemicals and other organic products as well as the technologies for their production. Identify key concepts of biotechnology and demonstrate their applications.
1. The role of chemical technology in the World ant the fundamentals of chemical technology. 2. Catalysis in chemical technology. 3. Fundamentals of chemical engineering. 4. Energy production. 5. Water. 6. Raw materials. 7. Inorganic chemicals. 8. Energy storage. 9. Synthetic Fuels. 10. C1 chemicals. 11. Organic chemicals. 12. Plastics and microplastics. 13. Agrochemicals. 14. Biotechnology.

Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. Continuity equations, mass balance, component balance, energy equation, momentum balance, equations of motions, transport equations. Fluid mechanics, concepts of fluid behaviour, steady flow, rheology, viscosity, boundary-layer formation, friction factor. Navier-Stokes, Euler and Bernoulli equations. Transportation of fluids. Hydrodynamic models, flow in pipes and channels, pressure flow through equipment, pressure drop across packed towers.
Mechanical unit operations: mixing, sedimentation: thickeners, filtration. Electrical and magnetic methods, centrifugal separation, fluidization, pneumatic transport, gas cleaning: cyclones. Flow of heat, conduction, convection, radiation. Rate of heat transfer, heating and cooling: viscosity correlation. Dimensional analysis. Heat transfer of condensation, steady and unsteady-state heat transfer. Heat transfer in shell and tube heat exchangers. Evaporation, boiling point rise. Standard and multiple-effect evaporators, vapour compression.

The main objective of the course is to provide a strong colloid chemical background of preparing, characterizing and application of nanomaterials.
INTRODUCTION – THE MODERN HISTORY OF COLLOID SCIENCE
2.CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOID SYSTEMS
2.1. Classification by the quality and structure of colloid particles
2.1.1. Microphases
2.1.2. Macromolecules
2.1.3. Micelles
2.2. Classification of the colloid systems by the network forming ability of the colloid nanoparticles
2.3. Traditional significance of colloid systems
3. STABILITY OF DISPERSIONS
3.1. Interpretation of the kinetic stability
3.2. Surface electric properties of microphases
3.2.1. Formation of surface electric charge
3.2.2. Formation and description of the electric double layer
3.2.3. Electrokinetic phenomena, zeta potential
3.3.1. Electric double layer repulsion
3.3.2. Dispersion (van der Waals) attraction
3.3.3. Conclusions of the DLVO theory
3.3.4. Coagulation kinetics and mechanism (basic concepts)
3.4. Stabilization – destabilization with macromolecules and surfactants
3.4.1. Macromolecules (polymers)
3.4.2. Surfactants
3.5. Structural colloid interactions
3.6. Peptization
3.7. Sedimentation of suspensions, structured suspensions
4. PREPARATION OF DISPERSIONS
4.1. Disintegration of macroscopic material ensembles
4.2. Preparation of dispersions by condensation
4.2.1. Nucleation in solutions (Preparation of lyosols)
4.2.2. Homogeneous vapour phase condensation
5.CHARACTERIZATION OF SIZE AND SHAPE OF COLLOID PARTICLES
5.1. Shape of particles
5.2. Size of particles
6.TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE
6.1. Observing individual particles: imaging techniques
6.2. Techniques yielding average particle size
6.2.1. Sedimentation in gravitational field
6.2.2. Sedimentation in a centripetal field
6.2.3. Osmotic pressure of colloids
6.2.4. Light scattering of colloid particles
7. RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF COLLOID SYSTEMS
7.1. Basic concepts, types of ideal rheological behaviour, relativity of rheological behaviour
7.2. Viscosity of dilute dispersions
7.3. Intrinsic viscosity, molar mass of linear, neutral macromolecules
7.4. Rheology of concentrated dispersions, pseudoplasticity, dilatancy, thixotropy
8. INTERFACES
8.1. Liquid-gas interface, surface tension
8.2. Curved liquid surfaces: capillary pressure, ageing of colloidal dispersions
8.3. Liquid-liquid interface, cohesion and adhesion energies, spreading criterion
8.4. Solid-liquid interface, wetting
9.ADSORPTION
9.1. Adsorption at liquid-vapour interfaces: surface tension of aqueous solutions
9.1.1. Insoluble monomolecular films
9.2. Adsorption at solid-gas interfaces
9.2.1. Characterization of porous adsorbents
9.3. Adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces
9.3.1. Non-electrolyte adsorption, mixture adsorption
9.3.2. Adsorption of electrolytes at solid-liquid
10.ASSOCIATION COLLOIDS, MICELLES
10.1. Building blocks of micelles: amphiphilic molecules
10.2. Micelle formation, critical micelle concentration
10.3. Greatness of CM, Krafft- and cloud phenomenon, solubilisation
10.4. Types of micelles: small- and large micelles, vesicles, liposomes and reverse micelles
11.FOAMS AND EMULSIONS
11.1. Foams
11.2. Emulsions
12.COLLOID CHEMISTRY IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
12.1. The evolution of nanotechnology
12.2. Nanomaterials and their classification
12.3. Nano-scaled self-assembly and growth
12.4. Nanostructured coatings, nanomorphology, superhydrophobicity
REFERENCES

This is an introductory course to basic knowledges of traditional and modern energy production technologies. Topics cover the basics of fossile, fissile and renewable energy carriers, various power plants and thermodynamic cycles, efficieny improvement. We discuss in detail the wind, solar, water, biomass, geothermal, hydrogen and non conventional fossile energy sources

The main goal is to provide a basic knowledge about the UV, IR, MS and NMR spectroscopic methods used in organic chemistry. The course will be of interest to chemists and analysts in research and industry, especially those engaged in the synthesis and analysis of organic com-pounds including drugs, drug intermediates, agrochemicals, polymers and dyes.
Introduction
The strategy of structure determination of the organic compounds. Basic conceptions of organic structures (configuration, conformation, isomerism, tautomerism, rate processes). Organic microanalysis. Methods to determine the carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen content of the samples. Determination of the sulphur and halogen content. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of some important functional groups.
UV spectroscopy
Electronic structure of the molecules, atomic and molecular orbitals, orbital symmetry, Electronic transitions, and selection rules. Band structures. Chromophores and auxochromic groups. Discussion of some simple chromophores. Conjugation, the Woodward-Fieser rules.
Substituent, solvent and steric effects, Polyenes, aromatic and heteroaromatic structures.
IR spectroscopy
Molecular vibrations, the vibrational and vibrational-rotational spectrum. The two-atomic model, the harmonic and nonharmonic vibrations. Characteristic vibrational frequencies. The correlation between the IR and Raman spectroscopy. Stretching and bending frequencies.
The impact of the structural effects modifying the vibrational frequencies: inductive and mesomeric effects, hyperconjugation, ring strain, steric and isotope effects. Characteristic frequencies of carbonyl compounds, alcohols, amines, nitro compounds, etc. The measurement of the infrared spectra. Sample preparation. The Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer.
Mass spectroscopy
The mass spectrometer. Ionization methods (EI, CI, APCI, ESI, MALDI). Isotopes. Ion separation and detection methods. The coupling of the mass spectrometer (GC-MS, HPLC-MS, MS/MS). The importance of the molecule and base peak. Ion chemistry: fragmentation and rearrangement. The most important processes: alpha cleavage, onium reaction, allyl and benzyl-cleavage, McLafferty rearrangement, retro Diels-Alder reaction. Typical fragmentations and rearrangements of organic molecules. Application of isotope abundance determination: halogen compounds.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
The nuclear spin. Nuclear spins in magnetic field: the Bloch equations. The measurement of the NMR spectra: CW and PFT. Spectral aquisition. 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The basic NMR parameters: the chemical shift, the coupling constant. 1H-NMR: Multiplicity and intensity of the signals. The inductive effect, diamagnetic anisotropy, ring currents. Empirical calculation of the chemical shift. The Karplus-curve. 13C-NMR: broadband decoupling, gated decupling. Spectral editing methods: the DEPT and the APT experiments.

The aim of the course is to provide insight into topics fundamentally affecting the environment, health and safety of chemical industry plants and workplaces. The graduate chemical engineer will be able to participate in basic conceptual discussions. Within the course, fundamental environmental protection, fire safety, and occupational safety topics are reviewed, followed by an examination of industrial accidents through case studies, where students gain insight into process safety and related design questions. They also receive an overview of domestic and EU regulations and their application, primarily in the field of chemical safety. As a forward-looking perspective, the course includes an introduction to the 'Safe and Sustainable by Design' concept, which is defining for the future of the chemical industry. The course is highly practical, utilizing case studies and practical tasks related to various areas, involving real-world scenarios and industrial professionals.

Basics of typical unit operations (refreshing of background knowledge, if needed by the group).
Green chemistry metrics (green chemistry, green engineering, sustainability; various numerical methods to evaluate and compare reaction routes and processes: environmental factor, environmental quotient, atom efficiency, atom selectivity, stoichiometric factor, intensity parameters, etc.). Risk vs. hazard.   
Designing technologies with lower environmental impact: inherently safer design, the integrated pollution prevention and control directive and its application. Case study: production of nitric acid.
Typical techniques for treating waste waters. Selection of suitable methods based on the contamination. Filtration, flotation, coagulation, sedimentation, extraction, distillation, adsorption, stripping, evaporation, chemical methods in treating of waste waters. Principals of wet air oxidation and supercritical water oxidation. Chemical and biological oxygen demand. 
Fundamentals of vacuum technologies in industrial separation processes: vacuum distillation/evaporation (suitable equipment), short pass distillation, molecular distillation. Effects of residence time distribution. Sublimation, lyophilization. 
Membrane processes. Classification of membrane processes based on the driving force. Balance equations, batch, semicontinuous, continuous setups. Microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, dialysis, electrodialysis, pervaporation, membrane distillation, liquid membranes (principles, understanding the concept of the separations).
Medium and high-pressure techniques: distillation at elevated pressures, pressure swing distillation.
Biofuels. Bioethanol, biogas, biodiesel. Raw material, chemical processing, and separation processes.
 

Understanding of the formations, possible reactions of environmental polluting materials.
The students becomes familiar with the chemistry of pollutants in the air, water and soil.
The main chemical and physico-chemical processes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere will be discussed. Chemical basis and the effects of the environmentally harmful materials on the living and non-living objects will be presented as well.
The students will be able to identify contaminants resulting from technological processes. They learn about the modern technological processes reducing the harmful emissions decreasing the environmental degradation.
1. week: Introduction and detailed description of the subject's objectives, some thoughts on the causes of environmental pollution.
Development and the present composition of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Dobson unit, formation of hydroxyl radicals.
2 week: The main groups causing pollution: airborn and waterborn pollutants
Airborn pollutants: carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, dioxines and photochemical oxidants, particulates.
Chemical properties and ways of formation and/or elimination of environmental polluting materials, the reaction kinetics, and control methods of these processes will be discussed in the following lectures as well.
The natural and anthropogenic sources of carbon monoxide. Formation of CO from methane and elimination from the atmosphere. Technological possibilities to reduce emission.
3. week: The origin and kinetic ofthe formation of nitrogen oxides, NOx(NO, NO2, N2O and short live forms), the photocycle ofnitrogen-dioxide, ozone formation in the lower atmosphere. The effects on plants, animals, humans and on structural materials
4. week: Sulfur oxides originated naturally and from human activities. The kinetic ofthe formation of different SOx. The chemical effects of acidic rains. The technological possibility of decreasing SO2formation.
5. weeks: hydrocarbons and photochemical oxidants. London type and photochemical smog.
Hydrocarbon decreasing technologies.
6. weeks: Formation of halohydrocarbons , Ozone –hole, , Dioxins (TEF, TEQ), Dioxin decreasising technologies.
7. weeks: Particles, aerosols, smog, fog. Chemical composition and size distribution of particles. The effects of particles on the living systems. Meterological aspects of air-pollutants.
Particle elimination technics.
8. weeks: Global warming, greenhouse effect, possible causes of periodical climate changes.
9. weeks:Future and energy , Bioenergy, biodiesel, bioethanol,
10. weeks: Waterborn pollutants: organic materials, toxic organic materials, plant nutrients, mineral oil and fractions, detergents, pesticides and toxic metals.
High oxygen demand wastewater, aerob and anaerob fermentation
11. weeks: High oxygen demand and toxic wastewater. Oil spills, environmental effects, decontamination technologies
12. weeks: Plant nutrient-containing wastewater,
13. weeks: Detergent-containing wastewaters, the properties and types of detergents, their
environmental effects.
14. weeks: Pesticides, groups of pesticides, DDT, the new, third generation pesticides
Discussion and summary. Results

The aim of the course is to shape the mindset of future chemical engineers in the field of reducing environmental impacts and the application possibilities of catalysis as a tool, from the molecular level to complex technologies.
Detailed topics of the course:
1. Fundamentals of catalysis and applied organometallic chemistry.
2. Industrial implementation of homogeneous catalytic reactions (hydrogenation, hydroformylation, oxidation, cross-linking reactions). Optimization of catalytic systems (ligand design, structure-activity relationship).
3. Theoretical fundamentals of heterogeneous catalysis (adsorption and equilibrium conditions, surface coverage) and industrial implementation. Shape-selective catalysis, heterogenization of homogeneous catalysis.
4. Possibilities and industrial implementation of auxiliary solvent-free transformations.
5. Application and selection criteria of solvents for specific operations and reactions. Application of alternative solvents (water, ionic liquids, biomass-based solvents, fluorine systems) in catalysis. Multiphase homogeneous catalysis.
6. Supercritical solvents and their industrial applications. Supercritical extraction.
7. Sources of volatile organic compound emissions and main methods of emission reduction (pharmaceutical industry, food industry, fine chemical industry).
8. Oxidative and non-oxidative techniques for reducing emissions of volatile organic compounds (a. condensation, cryogenic condensation, b. absorption, scrubbers and their simulation c. adsorption, distillation, combined operations, biofiltration, d. thermal oxidation, catalytic oxidation in gas cleaning)
9. Chiralities and production of chiral molecules. Industrial applications of biocatalysis and organocatalysis.
10. Catalytic conversion of biomass. Acid catalysis, selective hydrogenation, biomass-based platform molecules.
11. Hydrothermal conversions.
12.   Fundamentals of flow chemistry and its industrial applications.

Subject data sheet General Chemistry Laboratory Practice Name of the subject in Hungarian: Általános kémia labor
Course ID
Assessment
Credits
BMEVESAA209
0+0+6/f
5
Further information on the subject (current semester): http://ch.bme.hu Teams page. Access code sent in email from Neptun 
Responsible person and department: Dr. Zoltán Benkő, associate professor, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
Lecturer: Dr. Zoltán Benkő, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
Subject is based on: General Chemistry, General Chemistry Calculations for Chemical Engineers,
Requisities: Prerequisitie:
General Chemistry, General Chemistry Calculations for Chemical Engineers, Industrial Safety
Aim of the subject: In this subject the basic chemistry procedures are practiced (e.g. distillation, recrystallization, sublimation), through these exercises the students acquire knowledge about the basic laboratory equipment as well. Simple measurements are also performed (e.g. measurements of mass and volume, measuring the melting and boiling point, density measurements methods, pH measurement). Simple preparative tasks (e.g. precipitation, dissolution of metals, producing gas in laboratory, calefaction, preparation of complexes, electrochemistry) are also completed.
Detailed program of the subject: Preparative tasks: recrystallization
distillation
sublimation
precipitation
preparation by dissolution of metals
preparation of complexes
producing gas in laboratory,
recycling of materials
Measuring tasks density measurements methods
boiling-point measurement
melting-point
making of buffer solution and pH measurement
acid-base titration
permanganometry
determination of the composition of solid mixtures
Method of education: Laboratory practice
Requirements of accomplishment of the subject: a. In the semester: complete the laboratory exercises, prepare reports on each task,
5 small written tests   
b. In the examination period: none
Additional possibilities of accomplishment:
Consultations: on demand
Course-book and literature:
Average study time needed: Preparing lab reports
5 smaller tests
Program of the subject has been developed by: Dr. Ilona Kovács, associate professor, Department of Inorganic and Analytical chemistry

The course provides specialised knowledge about the crude oil processing. Focuses on the main catalytic processes. During the semester there is a site visit in the refinery.

Students may join one of the running research projects of the faculty. During their supervised work they study the present state of the art of the field, do experimental work or modelling and data evaluation. At the end of the semester the results should be summarized in a 2-5 page long report. The subject is worth of 4 credits and requires 4 contact hours/week.

Students may join one of the running research projects of the faculty. During their supervised work they study the present state of the art of the field, do experimental work or modelling and data evaluation. At the end of the semester the results should be summarized in a 2-5 page long report. The subject is worth of 4 credits and requires 4 contact hours/week.

Students may join one of the running research projects of the faculty. During their supervised work they study the present state of the art of the field, do experimental work or modelling and data evaluation. At the end of the semester the results should be summarized in a 2-5 page long report. The subject is worth of 4 credits and requires 4 contact hours/week.

Students may join one of the running research projects of the faculty. During their supervised work they study the present state of the art of the field, do experimental work or modelling and data evaluation. At the end of the semester the results should be summarized in a 2-5 page long report. The subject is worth of 4 credits and requires 4 contact hours/week.

Students may join one of the running research projects of the faculty. During their supervised work they study the present state of the art of the field, do experimental work or modelling and data evaluation. At the end of the semester the results should be summarized in a 2-5 page long report. The subject is worth of 4 credits and requires 4 contact hours/week.

Students may join one of the running research projects of the faculty. During their supervised work they study the present state of the art of the field, do experimental work or modelling and data evaluation. At the end of the semester the results should be summarized in a 2-5 page long report. The subject is worth of 4 credits and requires 4 contact hours/week.

Students may join one of the running research projects of the faculty. During their supervised work they study the present state of the art of the field, do experimental work or modelling and data evaluation. At the end of the semester the results should be summarized in a 2-5 page long report. The subject is worth of 4 credits and requires 4 contact hours/week.

Students may join one of the running research projects of the faculty. During their supervised work they study the present state of the art of the field, do experimental work or modelling and data evaluation. At the end of the semester the results should be summarized in a 2-5 page long report. The subject is worth of 4 credits and requires 4 contact hours/week.

Students may join one of the running research projects of the faculty. During their supervised work they study the present state of the art of the field, do experimental work or modelling and data evaluation. At the end of the semester the results should be summarized in a 2-5 page long report. The subject is worth of 4 credits and requires 4 contact hours/week.

Students may join one of the running research projects of the faculty. During their supervised work they study the present state of the art of the field, do experimental work or modelling and data evaluation. At the end of the semester the results should be summarized in a 2-5 page long report. The subject is worth of 4 credits and requires 4 contact hours/week.

Students may join one of the running research projects of the faculty. During their supervised work they study the present state of the art of the field, do experimental work or modelling and data evaluation. At the end of the semester the results should be summarized in a 2-5 page long report. The subject is worth of 4 credits and requires 4 contact hours/week.

Students may join one of the running research projects of the faculty. During their supervised work they study the present state of the art of the field, do experimental work or modelling and data evaluation. At the end of the semester the results should be summarized in a 2-5 page long report. The subject is worth of 4 credits and requires 4 contact hours/week.

Definition of the subject of inorganic chemistry. General discussion of the properties of the elements, and their reactivity with air, water, acids and bases. Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Thermodynamical and kinetical control of the  reactions.  Reactivity of the elements with water, bases and acids. Generalizable guidelines for the synthesis of the elements. Trends in the periodic system. (4 hours)
Main group elements and their compounds Hydrogen, and hydrides. Physical and chemical properties of hydrogen. Industrial synthesis. The quest of the hydrogen economy. Classification, reactivity and use of  hydrides. (2 hours)
Noble gases, Physical properties, production, usage.  Noble gas compounds. Halogenes. Physical and chemical properties. Industrial synthesis of fluorine and chlorine. Brine electrolytic procedures and their comparison. (2 hours)
Chlorides and their classification. Chalcogens. Physical and chemical properties of oxygen, ozone and sulfur, selenium and tellurium. Sulfuric acid production.  Oxides and sulphiodes and their classification.  (2 hours)
Physical and chemical properties of nitrogen. The chemistry of the industrial synthesis of ammonia. Nitric acid. The allotropes of phosphorus. Phosphorus oxides and halides and sulphides, phosphoric acid, phosphinic acid. (3 hours)
The allotropic modifications of carbon, diamond, graphite, graphene, nanotubes, fullerenes. The chemistry of carbon, carbides. The physical and chemical properties of silicon and germanium. Differences from carbon. Silicates, organosilicon compounds. Tin and lead. Chemistry, physical properties, synthesis. (3 hours)
Boron and boron compounds. Specific bonding in boron compounds. The physical properties and application of alumínium. The chemistry of aluminum. The chemistry of the production of aluminum. Aluminum oxides. Alkaline earth metalls, Alkaline metalls.(2 hours)
Transition metals and their general properties: magnetic properties, spectra, complexing ability. The early transition metals (scandium group, titanium group, vanadium group. (2 hours)
Chromium group. Physical properties of the elements and their use. The chemistry of the +3 and +6 oxidation states. Complexing properties in the +3 and zero oxidation states. The eighteen electron rule. Manganese and its oxidation states. (2 hours)
Iron, cobalt and nickel. Magnetic properties. Iron containing complexes. Stability. The +2 and +3 oxidation states of iron. Complexes, and complex stabilities with different ligands. The chemistry of steel production. Carbonyl complexes of Fe, Co and Ni, and their use. Lighter and heavier elements of the platinum group. Square quadratic complexes. Interstitial hydrides and catalytic hydrogen activation. (2 hours)
Copper group. Physical and redox properties. Gold. Complex formation. Oxidation states. Production and use  of the elements. The zinc group. Physical properties.  Organic compounds and toxicity, long time effects. F-elements, Lanthanides: Lanthanide-contraction and consequences on d-element properties. (2 hours)
 

The subject gives a breaf introduction to the medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. The fundamental pharmacological definitions and ideas as well as a historical outline of drug discovery and design are presented. Selected examples of drug action at some common target areas demonstrate the importance of the special receptor-drug interactions and the improtance of chemical modifications of the leading molecules to produce highly selective medicines. Typical examples are also discussed for drug metabolism including several organic chemicals and solvents which are important for the organic chemists.
Introduction, short hystory of medicins and drug discovery. Fundamental conceptions in medicinal chemistry. Rules of drug research and production: preclinical and clinical development, GLP, GMP, role of FDA and other offices.
Biological molecules: amino acids, peptides and proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids.
Routes of drug administration: methods of extravascular and intravascular administration. Methods to influence of the duration of biological effect (retardation, special methods).
The pharmacokinetic phase: role of adsorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) properties in drug action.
Dose/biological effect relations: single oral dose, repeated oral doses. Calculation of safety parameters of drugs (ED50, LD50, TI, CSF, SSM). Selectivities of biologically active compounds, effects and side effects.
Time dependent exchange of bilogical effects of drugs: habituation, addiction, sensitivity and allergic reactions. Drug-drug interactions: synergism, antagonism.
Absorption and distribution of drugs: diffusion, carrier aided absorption, biological pump mechanisms. Determination of drug distribution.
Effects of the drugs on the human body: drugs with physical or physico-cemical effects. Type of chemical bonds between a drug and the biological target molecule: reversible and irreversible connections. Affinity and specific activity. Multipoint interactions: role of stereochemistry in drug action.
Drug metabolism: phase I metabolitic reactions (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydration) and phase II reactions (conjugations).
Drug metabolism and drug design (prodrugs, active metabolites, etc).
Elimination of drugs and metabolites. Renal elimination, role of the liver in elimination. (Enterohepatic cycle, reabsorption in kidney).
An introduction to drug discovery: solubility and drug design. Hansch parameter, electronic and steric effects. QSAR approaches, computer aided drug design, methods for preparation molecular libraries and HTS methods.
Selected examples of drug action at some common target areas:
Antibacterial and antifungal agents. Antiinflammatory agents (steroids and nonsteroid type antiinflammatory agents). Opioid type analgesics.

During their professional/experimental work chemical engineers often meet different traditional and modern ceramic materials. Important knowledge of natural science and engineering that make possible the production, processing and appropriate application of ceramic functional materials is discussed during the course. A further aim of the subject is to show – from the aspects of material science – the ability of modern industrial ceramics and their associated systems to satisfy the demand of modern economy.

Introduction, the sectors of organic chemical industry and the trends of their advancements in the last decades, the parts of chemical processes.
Organic chemical conversions applied frequently in industry, the 40 intermediers and solvents manufactured in the largest amount (US Top 40).
Main reactor types (multi purpose stirred vessel reactor, tubular reactor, autoclave, fluidized bed reactor, filmreactor) and typical work-up procedures (evaporation, fractionation, filtration, recrystallization, centrifugation, drying).
Connection and fitting of the parts of chemical processes, batch and continuous flow technologies, controlling, flowchart, layout of a plant hall, structures of chemical factories.(4 h)
Family tree of aromatic compounds (intermediates synthesised from benzene, toluene and xylenes by substitution, addition or oxidation), starting materials derived from ethylene and propylene (styrene, vinyl chloride, acetaldehyde, cumene, phenol, cyclohexanone and caprolactam), methane, methanol and formaldehyde as important starting materials (manufacture of acetic acid, chloromethylation, hydroxymethylation, Mannich reaction) monomer and intermediate industry, fine chemical industry.(5 h)
Detergent and surfactant industry, alphenes and alphols as important base materials for detergents, surfactants prepared from hydrocarbon by sulphonation, sulphatation, sulphoxidation or sulphochlorination, sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate, components of soaps and washing powders, environmental aspects.(3 h)
Pesticide industry, basic terms, chemical plant protection by insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, naturally occurring active substances, permethrines, pyrethroides, carbamates and ureas, carbonic acid derivatives derived from phosgene, organic phosphorus compounds and their syntheses, heterocyclic compounds (e.g. triazines), phenoxyacetic acids, avoiding environmental problems through the examples of DDT and dioxins.(4 h)
Pharmaceutical industry, features of this industrial sector, scale-up, flowchart, process flow diagram, the most frequently applied conversions and appliances in the pharmaceutical industry and their connections to each others, showing the attributes of processes through some examples such as syntheses of several heterocyclic compounds (barbiturate/isoquinoline or phenothiazine/ benzodiazepine), as well as that of a salycilate, phenol and sulphonic acid derivative, aspects of the selection of solvents, quality assurance (GMP) as a part of technology, environmental considerations.(4 h)
Dye industry, manufacture of dyes by diazotisation and coupling, flow control showed as an example of diazotisation, cotton, wool and synthetic fibers as essential textile base materials, dyeing textiles, reactive dyeing, textile dyeing and printing appliances, digestion of wood, paper production.
A brief overview of the plastic industry.(3 h)
Environmental influences of the organic chemical industry, aspects of the selection of environmentally-friendly (green) processes (reactions, solvents and conditions) and comparison of the different methods/technologies, atom efficiency, environmental factor, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic processes, turnover frequency (TOF), phase transfer catalysis, replacement of solvents, aspects of the application of ionic liquids, solvent-free reactions, microwave-assisted technique, some up-to-date methods for applying in industry, recycling and utilization of by-products, destroying the waste solvents and chemicals.(5 h)

Modern basic studies in this field of natural sciences for chemical engineering students. During this course the students should learn the basics of organic chemistry, they should develop an organic chemistry aspect and gain proper theoretical and practical grounds for the further studies on material sciences, organic chemistry, chemical technology and biochemistry. This subject is the completion of the subject Organic Chemistry I.
Part I. Chemistry of special families of compounds
Reactivity of carbonyl group
Reactivity of compounds containing a carbonyl group.
Derivatives of carbonic acid
Derivatives of carbonic acid: chlorides, esters, urethanes. Urea and its derivatives. Carbon disulfide, xanthogenates, thiourea and its derivatives. Isocyanic acid, isothiocyanic acid and their derivatives. Cyanamide, carbodiimide, guanidine and their derivatives.
Diazomethane, azo-, diazo-, diazonium and related compounds
Preparation and reactions of diazomethane and aromatic diazonium salts.
Sulfur- and phosphor-containing compounds
Thiols, sulfides, sulfonium salts, sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfonic acids. Phosphines,
phophonium salts and phosphine oxides. The Wittigreaction.
Halogen, hydroxy and oxo acids and their derivatives
Preparation and reactions of ?-, ß-, ?-, and ?- substituted halogen, hydroxy, and oxo acids and their derivatives.
Malonic acid ester and acetoacetic ester syntheses
Preaparation and using of acetylacetone, malonic acid ester and acetoacetic ester in organic synthesis.
Biological important hydroxy and oxo acids. Formation and degradation of saturated fatty acids in living organism.
Part II. Lipids, amino acids, peptides, proteins, carbohydrates
Lipids
Main groups of biomolecules, their function in living organism. Types of lipids. Function of simple and complex lipids in living organism. Structure and function of terpenes and compounds containing steroid skeleton in living organism.
Stereochemistry
Effects of chirality, optical rotation, ORD. The Emil FischerD/L convention. Compounds containing more than one chiral centers, meso compounds, pseudo asymmetry.
Stereoselective reactions
Types and rationalization of asymmetric reactions. Resolution.
Test 1.
Monosaccharides
Aliphatic and lactol ring structure of monosaccharides, mutarotation. Aldose-ketose conversion. Reduction and oxidation of monosaccharides, sugar alcohols, sugar acids. Formation, degradation and reactions of monosaccharides. Srtucture and function of ascorbinic acid.
Oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
Structure, occurence and synthesis of oligosaccharides. Structure and occurence of polisaccharides.
Amino acids
Structure, physical and chemical properties, biochemical function of amino acids. Abbreviations according to convention. Synthesis of amino acids.
Peptides and proteins
Structure of peptide bond. Synthesis of peptides, protecting groups and coupling methods, solid-supported chemical synthesis. Classification and biochemical function of proteins. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structures of proteins. The Ramachandrandiagram.
Part III. Polycyclic aromatic compounds, heterocyles nucleic acids.
Condensed and isolated polycyclic aromatic compounds, heterocycles
Structure, aromacity and reactions of naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene. Chemichal properties, derivatives and reactions of diphenyl- and triphenylmethane.
Test 2.
Synthesis of heterocycles, five-membered heterocycles
Preparation of heterocycles. Structure, aromaticity and chemical reactions of furan, pyrrole and thiophene. Biochemical function of porphine skeleton. Structure, aromaticity and chemical reactions of azoles.
Six-membered heterocycles
Structure, aromaticity and chemical reactions of pyridine, diazines and their derivatives. Synthesis of papaverine.
Nucleotides
Preparation of bases of nucleic acids. Structure and chemical reactions of NAD+ (niacinamide) and FAD (vitamin B2).

Based on the knowledge of subjects Organic Chemistry I and II, this subject puts major emphasis on all aspects of chemical problems associated with chiral compounds. By systematic classification of all major stereochemical terms and stereoselective syntheses, this subject adds solid knowledge to the existing understanding of organic chemistry for the future chemical engineers of pharmaceutical and fine chemicals industry.
Short syllabus of the subject:
Stereochemistry, the stereostructure of organic compounds:Constitution, configuration, conformation and the order of chemical bonds. Chirality and symmetry elements. Configuration of stereocenters and bonds. Chiral and achiral conformations and molecules.
Constitutional and stereoisomers. Enantiomerism and diastereomerism. Enantiomeric and diastereomeric conformations and molecules. Symmetry of groups and faces: diastereotopic, enentiotopic and homotopic relations.
Physical and chemical requirements of enantiomerism: stereoselective and stereospecific reactions, optical activity. Relative and absolute configuration. Optical inactivity of the achiral molecules. Substitution reactions at centers of asymmetry: inversion, retention, racemization.
Racemic and mezo compounds. Atropisomerism. Nitrogen inversion. Center of asymmetry, axis of asymmetry, pseudoasymmetric centers. Dynamic properties. Tutomerism. Effects influencing tautomeric equilibria. Types of tautomers. Mutarotation.
Asymmetric synthetic methods
Definition and classification of stereoselective transformations.
Background and methods of enentiomeric composition determination.
Enantiomer selectivity. Principle of resolution. Chiral reagents and catalysts. Kinetic resolutions by biological systems.
Dynamic kinetic resolutions by biological systems. Basics of diastereotopic and enentiotopic selectivity.
Basic principles of asymmetric reactions by chemical and biological systems. Stoichiometric and heterogeneous catalytic asymmetric reactions. Asymmetric reactions by homogenous catalytic systems and by biological systems. Asymmetric reactions of industrial importance.

During this course the students learn the principles of experimental organic chemistry, the ways of safe handling and disposal of chemicals, the fast identification of the synthetized compounds and the organic chemistry literature searching. The students make themselves familiar with the function of the equipment used in the laboratory, the most important procedures to prepare, separate and purify organic compounds (crystallization, distillation both at atmospheric and reduced pressures, steam distillation, extraction, drying, thin layer and column chromatographies etc.). All these help to deepen their knowledge in organic chemistry and get acquainted with the properties of organic materials.

The subject is part of the compulsory curriculum. It provides introductory theoretical and practical information about physico-chemical phenomena related to „equilibrium”. The thermodynamic state functions will be defined and their use in chemical engineering and biochemical engineering practices will be demonstrated. Multicomponent phase equilibria and chemical equilibria will be interpreted with the help of chemical potential. The rate of processes will be covered in Physical chemistry II.
Lecture:
Introduction. The concept of thermodynamic system, classification and characterization
Thermodynamic temperature and pressure
Internal energy. Fundamental thermodynamic interactions.
First law of thermodynamics
Enthalpy. State changes of an ideal gas
Thermochemistry, standard enthalpies, Hess’s law
Second law of thermordynamics; Entropy calculations
Statistical definition of entropy. Third law of thermodynamics.
Helmholtz free energy
Gibbs free energy (free enthalpy). Single component equilibria
Single component liquid/vapor equilibria; Clapeyron-Clausius
equation; Standard free enthalpy; Chemical potential
Phase equilibria, Gibbs' phase rule; mixing
Partial molar quantities; Raoult's law; Entropy of mixing
Binary liquid/vapor and solid/liquid equilibria
Solid/liquid phase diagrams; Laws of dilute mixtures
Heat of mixing; Solubility of gases; Liquid/liquid equilibria; Partition equilibria
Real gases, fugacity, Joule-Thomson effect
Activities; Standard state; Chemical equilibria
Equilibria in gas- and liquid phases; Heterogeneous equilibria
Temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant; Equilibria in
electrolites; fundamentals of the Dedye-Hückel theory
Practical lectures (physico-chemical calculations):
State changes of an ideal gas
(isothermic, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic reversible)
Thermochemistry. Heat of reaction
Entropy; Change of state functions
Thermodynamic tables and diagrams of single component materials
Phase equilibria; Clapeyron-Clausius equation
Binary liquid/vapor equilibria

Fundamentals of solid/fluid interfaces. The qualitative description of the surface layer,the concept of surface excess. Thermodynamics of the interfaces, surface tension and interaction potential. Interactions at solid/gas and solid/liquid interfaces.Adsorption isotherms, their interpretation (Langmuir, BET, Dubinin-Radushkevich and DFT models). Experimental methods, including calorimetry. Fractality. Particle size analysis
Applied surface science: the role of interfaces in material science, environmental and industrial processes. Heterogenous catalysis, Pressure/Temperature Swing Adsorption.

The main goal of this subject is to introduce the environmental effects of plastics processing and application, the possibilities of decreasing the harmful effects, and the trends in development.
8.1.General questions of environmental protection. Sources of air, water and soil pollution. Role of plastics in the environmental strategy.
8.2.Possibilities of waste reduction. Use of renewable resources and energy. Minimal use of natural resources. The role of plastics in the reduction of inputs from the economy and the environment.
8.3.Sources of plastic wastes, possibilities and limits of recycling. General questions of collecting plastic wastes.
8.4.Recycling plastics from communal waste (packaging materials).
8.5.Recycling plastics used in electronics and vehicles, as well as by the construction industry.
8.6.Chemical basis of plastics recycling. Mechanical recycling of homogeneous plastics.
8.7.Mechanical recycling of mixed plastics.
8.8.Chemical recycling of plastics: degradation, hydrolysis, alcolysis, pyrolysis. Incineration with energy recovery.
8.9.Controlling lifetime of plastics by additives.
8.10.Biodegradable polymers.
8.11. Economy of waste management. Life cycle engineering of plastics, standards.
8.12.Life cycle analysis of some plastics products.
8.13.Legislation and directives concerning waste management.
8.14.Waste management in Hungary. Possibilities for development.

Integrated application of knowledge acquired during studies in chemical engineering for the design of a given product manufacturing plant, factory. Improvement of problem solving, decision making and presentation skills.

The description of molecular properties based on quantum mechanical theory, the description of the structures of macroscopic materials and the relationships between the macroscopic and molecular properties, to explain the operation of instruments and experimental methods used to elucidate the chemical structure. The lectures provide a comprehensive system of the experimental methods used in structural chemistry, whereas the project work provides the students with an experience in how to apply their knowledge for solving problems in the field of structural chemistry.

Subject data sheet Unit processes in Industrial Drug Synthesis Name of the subject in Hungarian: Gyógyszerkémiai alapfolyamatok
Course ID
Assessment
Credits
BMEVESTA606
2+0+0/v
2
Further information on the subject (current semester): http://oct.bme.hu/oct/en/education/subjects/BMEVESTA606 
Responsible person and department: Dr. Erika Bálint
Lecturer: Ferenc Faigl
Subject is based on: Aim of the subject: The subject deals with the typical chemical transformations, isomer separation techniques and scale up processes of the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industry. Among the unit processes the special N-, O- and C-alkylations, C-C bond forming reactions (Claisen-, Dieckman-, Knoevanagel- és Darzens-condensation, Vilsmeyer-formylation, synthesis, reactions of polar organometallics, cross coupling reactions), and selective reductions with inorganic and organic hydrides are discussed. The theory and methods for separation and enrichment optical isomers, as well as the rules of application dry technologies are discussed and illustrated by industrial examples.